Godart, G. Clinton, “Spencerism in Japan: Boom and Bust of A Theory (1868-1911)” in Bernard Lightman (Ed.), Global Spencerism: The Communication and Appropriation of a British Evolutionist (Leiden: Brill, 2015), pp. 56-77.
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“In my opinion, the general conception of Japan and its people that has been built in the West until a very short while ago is highly ridiculous.” (Wenceslau de Moraes, 1905)
“Samuel Johnson defined a nation as ‘people distinguished from other people’ (…) His definition is a particularly pleasing one because it exposes the enormous questions concealed inside this self-assertive little word. How do we distinguish between people? Where do we draw the lines?” (Tessa Morris-Suzuki, 1998)